Bedari Kindness Institute

On February 26-27, the UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute (BKI) and Initiative to Study Hate (ISH) welcomed Adam Phillips, renowned psychoanalyst and bestselling author of many critically acclaimed works, including “On Kissing, Tickling, and Being Bored: Psychoanalytic Essays on the Unexamined Life” (1993), “On Kindness” (with Barbara Taylor, 2009) and, most recently, “On Giving Up” (2024).

During his visit, Phillips gave a lecture entitled “On Kindness” at the James West Alumni Center, led a seminar on fellow psychoanalyst Christopher Bollas’s essay, “The Transformational Object” at the Young Research Library, and sat down for a conversation, “On Kindness and Hate,” with UCLA Professors of English David Russell and Mona Simpson at the Landmark Theater in Westwood (hosted by the Hammer Museum). Along with BKI and ISH, this event series was co-sponsored by the UCLA Department of English, the UCLA Department of Comparative Literature and the Hammer Museum.

In his lecture, “On Resistance,” Phillips began by explaining that psychoanalysis is, at root, the study of resistance and more specifically the struggle of the mind against itself. Psychoanalytic explorations represent a long process of understanding how we resist our own desires and fears, getting to the heart of what we are unwilling or unable to confront within ourselves.

In his virtuosic unraveling of human psychic processes, Phillips highlighted the fundamental connections between the way in which we resist in our own minds and how we act out against one another. He further emphasized that in order to confront ideologies like fascism and xenophobia, we must understand them, and in order to understand them, we must be willing to examine what they purport to offer to their followers. He observed that these political movements offer some form of pleasure and what he called “self-recognition” to their followers. In order to resist them effectively, we have to be able to pinpoint honestly why so many do not resist them, and think more about how to re-channel the underlying desire to belong.

Phillips continued to probe these issues the following day. UCLA students, researchers and faculty gathered in the Young Research Library for a discussion of Bollas’s concept of the “transformational object.” In layman’s terms, a transformational object is a person, place or thing that we identify as a potential catalyst for transformation within ourselves. And because we are always seeking self-transformation, the quest for such objects dominates our entire lives. Our earliest transformational object is, of course, our mother, whose inevitable inability to satisfy our desires perfectly and completely is what initiates our search. As Phillips pointed out, this concept may help us understand the irrational, narrow and even violent impulses that characterize organized misogynist movements. As before, this understanding is what allows us to counter effectively such ideologies, and to intervene in situations where especially adolescent boys are radicalized by narratives that play into their sense of frustrated need.

Phillips’ final appearance was before a packed audience at the Landmark Theater in Westwood, in collaboration with the Hammer Museum. Appearing in BKI’s ongoing “Compassionate Conversations” series, he was joined in conversation with Mona Simpson and David Russell, two colleagues from the UCLA English Department, on the theme of “On Kindness and Hate,” Phillips focused on kindness as a source of pleasure, one which we tend to deny ourselves all too often. By extension, cruelty towards others is a form of cruelty towards ourselves, an expression of what Sigmund Freud termed the “death drive,” the basic urge towards self-destruction that lives in our subconscious mind. To create a kinder world, we each have to reclaim our pursuit of pleasure through community and fellow feeling. In this spirit, Phillips championed a form of psychoanalysis that is oriented towards happiness, that works in tandem with art and culture, and that makes itself understandable to a broader audience. Capping a dazzling series of talks at UCLA, Phillips left the audience with a clear and invigorating vision for how we might utilize psychoanalysis to confront hate through self-discovery.

A key strength of the Bedari Kindness Institute is that its members encompass a broad range of views and scholarship on kindness and related topics. As such, the works of individual members reflect their individual viewpoints and contributions. Except as otherwise noted, their works do not constitute joint efforts or collective statements by our Institute as a whole.

This story was originally published on Bedari Kindness Institute website, here.

Today is World Kindness Day, and despite the current state of political tension, kindness is pretty easy to perpetuate, a UCLA study reveals.

“Each of us is kind to someone, and therefore have the potential to be kind to everyone, even those with whom we differ politically,” said Daniel Fessler, director of the UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute, housed in the UCLA College division of social sciences.

The first study from the UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute, which has been shared on the peer-reviewed open access scientific journal PLOS ONE, is about kindness and how it spreads — and the bottom line is that kindness really is contagious.

Witnessing an act of kindness, even between strangers, can make us feel better about our world, and make us more inclined to perform an act of kindness ourselves. Social scientists call this state “elevation,” an uplifting emotion often accompanied by a warm feeling in the chest, goosebumps, and sometimes even tears.

These aren’t assumptions or nice generalizations — researchers at the institute have proven the effects of acts of kindness in their initial study, first shared with peers in December 2019.

In the study, Kindness Institute researchers set out to test the theory and uncover evidence of how and why the feeling state of elevation causes contagious kindness — or what researchers call “prosocial contagion” (where witnessing an act of kindness makes one predisposed to also act in a similar way).

The project produced a sophisticated model of the biological logic underlying this emotion system. It also required developing new measurement tools to test predictions about how people might act and whether prosocial contagion occurred.

A snapshot of the findings is telling:

• In-person experiments showed people an uplifting video and allowed them to choose to donate money to a children’s hospital. Many people did just that.

• Online experiments used the same video and asked respondents if they would be inclined to match charitable donations if it was offered by their employer. Most said yes.

Testing contagious kindness

In the study’s experiments, participants were asked to watch an uplifting viral video called “Unsung Hero,” which follows a young man as he goes through his daily routine, stopping often to help others. As he goes along, people in his life who witness his behavior start to react positively and show appreciation.

“We laid out a framework for understanding why witnessing kindness motivates being kind, and why some people are more strongly influenced by such observations than others,” said Fessler, who also is a professor of anthropology at UCLA.

The project included 8,000 people who participated in 15 experiments — 11 conducted online and four in person via on-the-street interviews in Los Angeles. Half of the participants watched the “Unsung Hero” video. The others watched a control video of a man performing impressive parkour stunts in a show of athleticism.

Those who participated in person received five $1 bills as payment for their time. At the end of the interaction they were given the opportunity to make an anonymous donation to UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital via a padded envelope handed to them by the researcher, who turned away while respondents chose how much money, if any, to put inside before sealing it.

Online responders were instead given a hypothetical scenario: If your employer were to match donations to a worthy cause, would you be inclined to give?

In-person participants who viewed the “Unsung Hero” video gave 25% more to the charity than those who watched the athletic-stunt video. Online respondents who viewed the video showing kindness in action were significantly more likely to hypothetically commit to charitable giving than those who viewed the alternate athletic video (67% versus 47%).

“Both the online and in-person methods produced very similar results, which replicate previous studies indicating that witnessing exceptional prosocial behavior — or exceptional kindness — elicits the emotion of elevation, which in turn motivates further prosocial behavior by the witness,” said Adam Sparks, a UCLA postdoctoral scholar who led the study in collaboration with Fessler and Colin Holbrook, an assistant professor of cognitive and information sciences at UC Merced.

Testing kindness inclinations

These study experiments also supported the researchers’ new theory about why some people experience elevation more strongly than others.

“We all have assumptions and expectations about how other people are likely to behave, and these assumptions guide our emotional responses,” Sparks said. “Some of us tend toward an idealistic attitude — that is, we assume other people generally behave kindly and do not try to exploit one another. Others of us have a more cynical attitude — that is, we assume other people generally behave less cooperatively and more selfishly.”

Before participants watched either video, they answered questions that measured where their attitude fell on this idealism-cynicism spectrum. Participants who were more idealistic reported that the video caused stronger feelings of elevation than did more cynical participants, in line with the researchers’ theory.

“Very little previous research on elevation has investigated why some people experience this emotion more than others,” Sparks said. “Our theory and evidence suggest that the expectation that other people can be kind is almost a prerequisite for experiencing elevation.”

Fessler is hopeful that research such as that being undertaken at the UCLA Bedari Kindness Institute will help us understand how we can move forward together, even after a divisive election.

Debate and discussion from a position of kindness are how new approaches develop and solutions arise, he added.

“Ultimately we can all see in one another our shared humanity,” Fessler said.

This article, written by Jessica Wolf and Melissa Abraham, originally appeared in the UCLA Newsroom.